The agent concept identifies the parts of a process that are also its drivers. An agent part has an active role with respect to any other generic part, meaning that is involved in the causal chain that characterize the process. An agent is a participant, meaning that is qualifiable as an object. As for all holistic relations, there is a level of subjectivity in drawing whole-role relations, so that the identification of an agent within a process is not fully axiomatizable. What is axiomatically expressible is that an agent requires to be part of a process (i.e., an agent exists only within a process) but a process may not require an agent to exist (qualified role). Agentless processes may have a distributed causality chain so that the agency is exerted collectively and there is no motivation to draw an holistic connection between the whole and some parts. For example, the breaking of a nail can be caused by an agent such as an hammer, or by the rusting process which is not a participant as required by the agent definition. This concept covers both intentional and non intentional agency.
Conversion of materials and assembly of components for the manufacture of products
Technology is the application of knowledge for achieving practical goals in a reproducible way.
Technology refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes.
application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts or systems in order to solve a problem or to achieve an objective which can result in a product or process
application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or achieve an objective
A measurement is the process of experimentally obtaining one or more measurement results that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity.
CEN Workshop Agreement – CWA 17284 “Materials modelling – terminology, classification and metadata”
The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure.
This class refers to what is commonly known as physical property, i.e. a measurable property of physical system, whether is quantifiable or not.
ObjectiveProperty
To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
changed by m4i: added german labels, added skos:prefLabel
RealizableEntity
realisierbare Entität
information content entity is an object that requires some background knowledge or procedure to correctly interpret.
core
ice+
Information Content Entity
A start date is a time instant pertaining to the date of the beginning of a process.
startDate
An end date is a time instant pertaining to date of the end of a process.
endDate
A language entity implements some language specification for the visual interpretation and is part of some document.
language Entity
A publication is a document that has been made available by a publisher.
publication
A name is a label used to identify an entity.
name
A description is language entity in which elements of a language (formal or natural) are used to characterize an entity.
description
A document is a bounded physical or digital representation of a body of information designed with the capacity (and usually intent) to communicate.
document
a label is a term that is associated with some entity
label
A proposition is a sentence expressing something true or false.
proposition
A dimensional quantity is a quantity that has an associated unit.
dimensional quantity
A term is a word or phrase used to denote one or more entities.
term
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
hypothesis
An objective is a proposition that indicates a planned or anticipated outcome.
objective
time measurement is a measurement value of the duration of some interval of time or a particular instant of time (against some frame of reference).
Time intervals are specified as date/datetime ranges.
the duration of my life; the duration of a surgical procedure, the moment of death
time measurement
A time internval is a contiguous temporal region having some duration.
timeInterval
A time instant is a temporal region which occurs instantaneously, e.g. having no duration.
at this moment; the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident; the moment at which a child is born; the moment of death
timeInstant
A year is a period of time taken by a planet to make one revolution around the sun.
year
A month is a period of time that divides the year.
month
A day is a period of 24 hours.
day
A century is a period of one hundred years.
century
A millenium is a period of 1000 years
millennium
An hour is a period of 60 minutes.
hour
A minute is a period of 60 seconds.
minute
A second (symbol: s) is the base unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) and is the second division of the hour by sixty, the first division by 60 being the minute.
second
An idea is a proposition about some object of conceptual thought.
idea
A textual entity is language entity that is manifested as a sequence of one or more distinct characters.
textualEntity
A start time is a time instant pertaining to the time at which a process begins.
startTime
An end time is a time instant pertaining to the time at which a process ends.
endTime
An object is an entity that is wholly identifiable at any instant of time during which it exists.
Object
A date of database submission refers to the moment in time in which some information was submitted/received to a database system.
dateOfDatabaseSubmission
A comment is a verbal or written remark often related to an added piece of information, or an observation or statement.
comment
A statement is a proposition that is either (a) a meaningful declarative sentence that is either true or false, or (b) that which a true or false declarative sentence asserts.
statement
the date at which an information content entity was made public.
dateOfIssue
A week is a period of 7 consecutive days.
week
a statement of consequence is a statement concerning the result or effect of an action or condition.
statement of consequence
evidence is the body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.
evidence
A fundamental unit of matter consisting of a nucleus and electrons, which is the smallest entity of a chemical element that retains its elemental properties. In simulations, atoms are explicitly modeled as discrete entities or as part of clusters to investigate atomic-scale structure, dynamics, and interactions. Used in molecular dynamics (MD), quantum chemistry, density functional theory (DFT), and other atomistic simulations. Scale: atomic (nanometer scale)
Atoms
An elementary particle that carries a negative electric charge and is a fundamental constituent of atoms. In materials science simulations, electrons are explicitly modeled when studying electronic structure, charge transport, or quantum phenomena. Electrons are essential entities in ab initio, density functional theory (DFT), and other quantum mechanical simulations
Electrons
Inferred measurement results are those that are derived or indirectly obtained from other measured quantities or data. The inferred measurement result is estimated or calculated based on correlations, models, or relationships between measured variables rather than directly measuring the desired parameter or property.
Inferred Measurement Result
Input for simulation refers to the parameters, data or variables that are provided to the simulation model to depict the conditions, characteristics, or behaviors of the system being simulated.
Input for Simulation
Raw materials, energy, labor, tools, data, and other elements that are required for the process to start and move closer to its goal are all examples of inputs.
The resources, materials, or information needed to start or complete a process are referred to as inputs in the context of a process.
Intentional Process Input
The level of representation where material behavior is modeled at the scale of microstructures such as grains, dislocations, or inclusions. Typical methods include crystal plasticity, phase-field modeling, and finite element approaches. Approximate length scale: 1 μm – 1 mm.
Micro Scale
Model Entity
The level of representation where systems are described at nanometer dimensions, bridging atomistic and continuum descriptions. Typical phenomena include nanoparticle behavior and nanoscale interfaces. Approximate length scale: 1–100 nm. Used in DFT, ab initio, and nanoparticle simulations
Nano Scale
Raw measurement results serve as the basis for further analysis, processing, and interpretation.
An instrument or sensor's raw measurement result is the direct measurement or observation obtained without any further processing. It consists of raw data collected by the measuring device, typically in its most basic, unfiltered form.
RawMeasurementResult
A Simulation Measurement Result is the output data generated by a solver during or after executing a simulation process.
Simulation Measurement Result
Onto-MS: An Ontology for the multi-scale simulation methods. Onto-MS is an ontology developed to model the multi-scale simulation process in computational material science. The ontology represents simulation methods across various length scales, i.e., atomic, nano, micro, and macro. Onto-MS was constructed following a seven-step procedure in web ontology language (OWL) and an open-source ontology editor called protégé. The ontology's concepts (classes) and their hierarchy, relationships, and axioms were finalized with the assistance of domain experts. The ontology's concepts are interlinked with other structured data (ontologies) on the web via unique identifiers by utilizing linked data principles, resulting in enhanced semantic capability, e.g., EMMO ontology, BattINFO, and PROV-O are some examples of interlinked ontologies. Ensuring the use of already defined semantically equivalent concepts, rather than creating new ones, was a priority. For more details, please visit https://kit-mms.github.io/Onto4POLIS.github.io/
This study focuses on building an ontology for a multi-scale simulation process. The Onto-MS was constructed following a seven-step procedure in web ontology language (OWL) and an open-source ontology editor called protégé. The ontology's concepts (classes) and their hierarchy, relationships, and axioms were finalized with the assistance of domain experts. Some concepts were taken from other ontologies and then extended as needed. Ensuring the use of already defined semantically equivalent concepts, rather than creating new ones, was a priority. Utilizing the Linked Data concept, the developed ontology's concepts are interlinked with other structured data (ontologies) on the web via unique identifiers, resulting in enhanced semantic capability. EMMO ontology, BattINFO, and PROV-O are some examples of interlinked ontologies. The developed ontology conveniently represents structured and organized information, formally describing the multi-scale simulation process through explicit ontological concepts and their possible relationships. However, ontology development is an ongoing process; nevertheless, the constructed ontologies can be effectively utilized for their intended purpose. Refinements are made at regular intervals as new information becomes available. The ontology is published on GitHub Pages and accessible via the following link. https://kit-mms.github.io/Onto4POLIS.github.io/
Michael Selzer (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9756-646X), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) (https://ror.org/04t3en479)
Hafiz Noman (https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6710-6681), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) (https://ror.org/04t3en479)
Onto-MS: An Ontology for the multi-scale simulation.
Material shapes in which all three external dimensions are of comparable magnitude, resulting in an approximately isotropic form. Typical examples include spheres, cubes, or other particle-like morphologies.
0D Geometry
Material shapes characterized by one dimension being significantly larger than the other two, resulting in elongated or fiber-like structures. Examples include rods, wires, and nanotubes.
1D Geometry
Material shapes characterized by two extended dimensions and one much smaller dimension (thickness), resulting in sheet-like or film-like forms. Examples include thin films, membranes, and platelets.
2D Geometry
Material shapes extended in all three dimensions without strong anisotropy, often corresponding to bulk or volumetric structures. Examples include porous foams, composites, and monolithic solids.
3D Geometry
An algorithm is a general concept that refers to a set of step-by-step instructions or rules for solving a problem or accomplishing a task. It represents an abstract, generic procedure that can be applied to various situations.
Algorithm
The level of representation where matter is modeled as discrete atoms, with interactions described by interatomic potentials or force fields. Typical methods include molecular dynamics and classical Monte Carlo simulations. Approximate length scale: 0.1–10 nm.
Atomistic Scale
BDF+PARDISO+Automatic
Bester Boundary Condition
Bester Inferred Result
Bester Model Validation
Bester Raw Result
Bester Solver
A boundary condition is a specific type of mathematical condition that refers to the specifications or constraints applied to the boundaries or interfaces of a simulation system
Boundary Condition
"Close source" refers to software that is distributed without its source code being accessible. There is no free source code available for modification, redistribution, or inspection for such proprietary software
Close Source
Conductivity of Pure Material
ConductoBester Boundary Condition
ConductoBester Inferred Measurement Result
ConductoBester Model Validation
ConductoBester Raw Measurement Result
Considered Material for Bester
Considered Material for ConductoBester
Considered Material for DFT
Considered Material for P3D
Considered Material for PhaseField
Considered Material for ResistorNetwork
A specific material entity that has been defined or selected for use in a particular simulation task. It represents the material’s conceptual presence in the modeling process, often informing the choice of constitutive laws, parameters, or models, without being a direct numerical input..
Considered Material for Simulation
A material entity modeled as a continuous medium, typically at the macroscopic or mesoscopic scale, whose behavior is governed by continuum mechanics principles (e.g., stress-strain relations, thermal conductivity). This concept is used in simulations such as finite element analysis or finite volume methods to analyze material behavior at scales where discrete atomic or molecular structure is not explicitly represented.
Continuum Material
DFT Boundary Condition
DFT Inferred Measurement Result
DFT Model Validation
DFT Raw Measurement Result
DFT-VASP
A Direct solver computes an exact solution to a system of equations in a finite number of steps, often used in linear algebra problems.
Direct Solver
Effective Electronic Conductivity Boundary Condition
The level of representation concerned with the behavior of electrons and electronic structure, where quantum mechanics governs the system. Typical methods include density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio approaches. Approximate length scale: below 1 nm (Ångström scale).
Electronic Scale
Employs Tool
Geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of shapes, sizes, positions, and properties of objects in space.
Geometry
A planar interface between two grains (crystallites) in a polycrystalline material, characterized by a misorientation between their crystal lattices. Grain boundaries are two-dimensional defects and play a critical role in determining material properties such as mechanical strength, diffusion, and corrosion resistance. Used in mesoscale simulations (e.g., phase-field modeling, Monte Carlo grain growth, microstructural evolution studies), and finite element analysis of polycrystalline materials. Scale: microstructural (mesoscopic to microscopic)
Grain Boundary
A place holder for Image segmentation results. The actual value of outputs will be availible later in the project.
Image Segmentation Result
An initial condition is a specific type of mathematical condition that defines the state or values of a system at the starting point of a simulation.
Initial Condition
Input for Bester
Input for ConductoBester
Input for DFT
Input for Effective Electronic Conductivity Calculation
Input for Effective Electronic Conductivity Measurement
Input for NVP/C refers to the parameters, data or variables that are provided to the simulation model to depict the conditions, characteristics, or behaviors of the system being simulated in NVP/C project
Input for NVP/C
Input For OCV Measurement
Input for P3D
Input For PhaseField
Input For Resistor Network
Input for Specific Area Measurement
Input for Tortuosity Calculation
Input for Tortuosity Measurement
Internal accessibility refers to making software components, interfaces, and resources accessible and usable within the development process.
Internal Accessibility
The input that has been taken from the output of other methods to implement Bester model, whether on a different or the same length scale.
Internal Input for Bester
Internal Input for ConductoBester
Internal Input for P3D
Internal Input For PhaseField
The input that has been taken from the output of other methods to implement resistor network, whether on a different or the same length scale.
Internal Input for ResistorNetwork
A Gitkaran solver is a simulation-specific solver used for solving partial differential equations using finite volume or similar techniques.
KitGran
The continuum level of representation, where materials and systems are modeled as homogeneous media with averaged properties. Focuses on bulk properties and engineering behavior, not atomic detail. Typical methods include continuum mechanics, CFD, and large-scale finite element simulations. Approximate length scale: above 1 mm.
Macro Scale
A simulation-relevant abstraction that refers to a material substance considered within the scope of a simulation task. This class includes materials selected for modeling, defined by their properties, but not necessarily instantiated as physical samples.
Material Entity
An ontological category that classifies the external form or morphology of a material according to its characteristic geometric dimensionality. MaterialShape is subdivided into 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D geometries, which serve as organizing categories for more specific shape types such as spheres, rods, films, or bulk structures.
Material Shape
It is a broad concept that can encompass a wide range of mathematical expressions or equations used to represent relationships, constraints, or rules within a system.
A "mathematical condition" refers to a statement or equation that describes a mathematical relationship or constraint within a system.
Mathematical Condition
A mathematical model is a representation of a system or phenomenon using mathematical equations, formulas, or algorithms.
Mathematical Model
Micro ConductoBester
A placeholder for Image segmentation results
Micro Image Segmentation Result
In the context of simulation, a model serves as a computational or mathematical representation of the system being studied.
A model is a representation or abstraction of a real-world system, phenomenon, or process that is designed to mimic or simulate its behavior and characteristics.
Model
ModelScale enables consistent annotation of the simulation context, helping users and systems to understand whether a model addresses atomic, nanoscale, mesoscale, microscale, or macroscale phenomena.
ModelScale is a class that represents the scale or level of detail at which a material is modeled or analyzed. It classifies modeling approaches based on the size or granularity of the features being resolved, ranging from atomic to macroscopic dimensions.
Model Scale
A group of atoms chemically bonded together, forming a stable entity that is typically treated as a single unit in simulations. Molecules are the fundamental building blocks for studying chemical reactions, material properties, and biological interactions. Used in molecular modeling, reaction dynamics, drug design, coarse-grained simulations, and computational chemistry. Scale: nano (molecular) scale; in some cases, molecular assemblies or aggregates may be considered at the micro scale.
Molecules
A Monte Carlo solver implements stochastic algorithms to solve problems by statistical sampling and random processes.
MonteCarlo Solver
NVP/C Mutiscale Simulation Chain
NVP/C Project
NVP/C Research Task
These are the rules or specifications applied to the simulation model's edges or boundaries. A model's interactions with the outside world or with other parts of the system are determined by these parameters.
1. In fluid dynamics simulations, a SimulationModelBoundaryCondition might specify how fluid flows into or out of the simulated space. 2. In structural analysis, it could define how forces are applied to the edges of a simulated object
NVP/C Boundary Condition
Nano ConductoBester
A numerical model is a mathematical representation of a system whose behavior is approximated using numerical methods and computational techniques.
Numerical Model
A Numerical solver applies numerical methods to approximate solutions to mathematical models or equations in simulations.
Numerical Solver
OCV Boundary Condition
OCV Measurement Validation
Open source accessibility refers to making software projects and resources openly accessible to the broader community.
Open Source
An Optimization solver is designed to find the best solution from a set of feasible options by maximizing or minimizing an objective function.
Optimization Solver
P3D
P3D Inferred Measurement Result
P3D Micro Boundary Condition
P3D Model Validation
P3D Raw Measurement Result
The Cluster of Excellence POLiS develops the necessary new battery materials and technology concepts for efficient and sustainable storage of electrical energy.
Post Lithium storage cluster of excellence
POLIS
Parameter for Bester
Parameter for CondoBester
Parameter for DFT
Parameter for KitGran
Parameter for P3D
Parameter for PACE3D
Parameter for PhaseField
Parameters for solver refer to the variables or inputs that are provided to the solver algorithm or numerical computation method in order to perform the simulation.
Parameter for Solver
Part of
PhaseField Boundary Condition
PhaseField Inferred Measurement Result
PhaseField Model Validation
PhaseField Raw Measurement Result
It involves creating a physical replica or simulation of the system to observe and analyze its behavior under controlled conditions.
The term "physical model" refers to an object, prototype, or scaled-down replica that depicts a system or phenomenon.
Physical Model
A tool or process that analyzes and visualizes raw simulation data, transforming it into meaningful results like graphs, summaries, or insights to aid interpretation and decision-making.
Post Processor
Post Processor for ResistorNetwork
Post Processor for ConductoBester
Post Processor for DFT
Post Processor for P3D
Post Processor for PhaseField
A publication related to Bester simulation method that has been made available by a publisher.
Publication For Bester
A publication related to ConductoBester simulation method that has been made available by a publisher.
Publication For ConductoBester
A publication related to DFT simulation method that has been made available by a publisher.
Publication For DFT
A publication related to P3D simulation method that has been made available by a publisher.
Publication For P3D
Publication For PhaseField
A publication related to Resistor Network method that has been made available by a publisher.
Publication For ResistorNetwork
A mathematical model that has been formally documented and made publicly accessible through publications or repositories.
Published Mathematical Model
A numerical model whose methodology, parameters, or implementation has been publicly released or documented.
Published Numerical Model
A physical model that has been described or documented in publicly available sources such as papers, reports, or catalogs.
Published Physical Model
Research groups are teams within a company/institution that collaborate on research projects to advance knowledge.
Research Group
Research tasks in simulation typically involve testing hypotheses, validating models, analyzing complex systems, or exploring specific phenomena through simulation.
The term research task refers to an investigation or objective that leads to the advancement of knowledge or understanding within a particular field.
Research Task
A research unit focused on the identification, synthesis, and testing of high-capacity post-lithium electrode materials to enhance energy storage performance and deepen understanding of their functional properties.
Research Unit A
A research unit dedicated to identifying, synthesizing, and testing stable and efficient liquid or solid electrolyte systems that enable ion transport in post-lithium battery technologies.
Research Unit B
A research unit focused on understanding the formation, structure, and chemistry of interfaces in post-lithium batteries, particularly at electrode–electrolyte contacts, to assess their impact on battery performance and longevity.
Research Unit C
A research unit focused on scaling up material synthesis and cell construction, evaluating new production approaches, ensuring safety and sustainability through life cycle analysis, and advancing research data management and automated data analysis to enable cross-disciplinary insights in battery research
Research Unit D
A research unit investigating innovative topics like potassium batteries, organic redox systems, AI-supported virtual simulations, and degradation by integrating expertise across all other research units.
Research Unit X
ResistorNetwork
ResistorNetwork Boundary Condition
ResistorNetwork Inferred Measurement Result
Resistor Network Model Validation
ResistorNetwork Raw Measurement Result
The class "SimulationComponent" represents a general concept of components used in simulations.
A constituent of a simulation system.
Simulation Component
Simulation Entity
Simulation Model Validation is the evaluation of a simulation model's outputs to determine how accurately it represents the real-world system or phenomenon it is intended to simulate.
Simulation Model Validation
Software for Bester
Software for ConductoBester
Software for DFT
Software For P3D Micro
Software for PhaseField
Software for ResistorNetwork
Software for solver is a dedicated computer program or tool that facilitates the solution of simulation problems by implementing numerical algorithms, mathematical models, or optimization techniques.
Software for Solver
It takes a problem formulation, applies the algorithmic procedures, and provides a solution or approximation to the problem.
A solver is a specific implementation or realization of an algorithm tailored to address a particular problem within the context of simulation.
Solver
The term task refers to an activity or assignment requiring effort and undertaken to reach a specific outcome within a specific domain or context.
Task
A specific, measurable goal or outcome that is associated with a particular task or mission.
Task Objective
A Time Dependent Direct Solver combines time integration with direct methods to solve simulation problems that evolve over time.
Time Dependent Direct
A Time-dependent solver handles simulations where the model evolves over time, solving equations iteratively at each time step.
Time Dependent Solver
Tool for Bester
Tortuosity Boundary Condition
A numerical model that is either under development, proprietary, or not publicly accessible.
UnPublished Numerical Model
A mathematical model that exists internally or informally but has not been publicly disclosed or published.
Unpublished Mathematical Model
A physical model that is either experimental, proprietary, or otherwise not disclosed in any public medium.
Unpublished Physical Model
An example of a use case simulation is when it is used to solve a particular challenge or complete a particular task.
A use case emphasizes on the practical application of simulation in real-world scenarios.
Use Case
Validation refers to the process of assessing the accuracy, reliability, or appropriateness of a model by comparing its results or behavior against reference data, standards, or expectations.
Validation
A work package aimed at developing high-energy potassium-ion batteries by integrating expertise from multiple research units to address unique challenges such as electrolyte degradation and SEI formation, and advancing new system-specific strategies from materials synthesis to cell characterization.
Work Package X.1
A work package focused on designing, synthesizing, and testing novel functional organic electrode materials for post-lithium storage, including porphyrin-based and quinone-based systems, aiming to understand their storage mechanisms and optimize their electrochemical performance.
Work Package X.2
A work package focused on understanding, characterizing, and mitigating degradation processes in post-lithium batteries through combined experimental and theoretical approaches to extend battery performance and lifetime.
Work Package X.3
A work package focused on developing a multiscale, data-integrated simulation framework that couples physical and data-driven models to improve understanding and accelerate the design of efficient, sustainable, and robust post-lithium batteries.
Work Package X.4
A work package focused on developing advanced data analysis techniques, high-throughput simulations, and descriptor-based methods to derive structure-property relationships and enable efficient, data-driven research for post-lithium battery systems using the Kadi4Mat infrastructure.
Work Package X.5
Adressing the challenges in developing efficient, sustainable and robust Post-Lithium batteries requires a strongly coupled simulation approach comprising all length and times scales and a systematic coupling to data based simulation techniques.
define
determine
has Access Condition
has Boundary Condition
has Considered Material
has Considered Material Shape
has Considered Method
has Considered Time Interval
has Corresponding Publication
has Error
has Implementation Software
has Inferred Results
has Input
has Granularity Level
has Model Entity
has Model Scale
has Objective
has Parameter
has Participant
has Result
has Validation
is Assosiated With
is Realized Through
is Used By
A stability criteria is a specific type of mathematical condition that determines the requirements under which a simulation or numerical method remains stable and produces valid results.
Stability Criteria
uses
Abstract description of a method for analysis, generation and transformation of data and material objects like, e.g., 'Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy' or 'Molecular Dynamics Simulation'. Note that while values for relevant parameters should be provided, m4i:Method does not refer to the actual execution of the process that is described (use m4i:ProcessingStep for that), but rather a description of the underlying principle.
Method
Methode
Agent
An agent is something that bears some form of responsibility for an activity taking place, for the existence of an entity, or for another agent's activity.
An organization is a social or legal institution such as a company, society, etc.
Person agents are people.
A software agent is running software.
Accessibility
"Accessibility" refers to the extent to which software or digital products are usable, inclusive, and available to individuals
Access Condition
An enterprise (potentially individual but typically collaborative), planned to achieve a particular aim
Ein typischerweise kollektives Unterfangen zum Erreichen eines vorab geplanten Ziels
changed by m4i: added German definition, added language tag to English definition, shortened definition
changed by m4i: use of skos:prefLabel instead of rdfs:label, added German label, added language tag to English label
Project
Projekt
A research project
ein Forschungsprojekt
changed by m4i: added German definition, added language tag to English definition
changed by m4i: changed label to "research project" (no CamelCase)
Forschungsprojekt
ResearchProject
A chain of linked physics based model simulations solved iteratively, where equations are segregated.
IterativeCoupledModelsSimulation
Coupled
A discrete data whose elements can be decoded as tokens from one or more alphabets, without necessarily respecting syntactic rules.
A symbolic entity is not necessarily graphical (e.g. it doesn't necessarily have the physical shape of a letter), but its elements can be decoded and put in relation with an alphabet. In other words, a sequence of bit "1000010" in a RAM (a non-graphical entity) is a valid symbol since it can be decoded through ASCII rules as the letter "B". The same holds for an entity standing for the sound of a voice saying: "Hello", since it can be decomposed in discrete parts, each of them being associated to a letter of an alphabet.
Symbolic
fe780 emmo !5*a cat for(i=0;i<N;++i)
A quantifiable property of a phenomenon, body, or substance.
VIM defines a quantity as a "property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed as a number and a reference". A quantity in EMMO is a property and therefore only addresses the first part of the VIM definition (that is a property of a phenomenon, body, or substance). The second part (that it can be expressed as a number and a reference) is syntactic and addressed by emmo:QuantityValue.
Quantity
Measurand
length Rockwell C hardness electric resistance
MaterialRelationComputation
Service
IntangibleProduct
An object which is a spatial part of a process.
Participant
A student during an examination.
A process occurring by natural (non-intentional) laws.
NaturalProcess
NonIntentionalProcess
A structured collection of data held in a computer system that has a well-defined interface.
Database
- A database covering nine million chemical compositions. - A thermodynamic database.
A computation that provides a data output following the elaboration of some input data, using a data processing application.
DataProcessing
A variable is a symbolic object that stands for any other mathematical object, such as number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, an element of a set.
Variable
x k
A number individual provides the link between the ontology and the actual data, through the data property hasNumericalValue.
A number is actually a string (e.g. 1.4, 1e-8) of numerical digits and other symbols. However, in order not to increase complexity of the taxonomy and relations, here we take a number as an "atomic" object, without decomposit it in digits (i.e. we do not include digits in the EMMO as alphabet for numbers).
A numerical data value.
In math usually number and numeral are distinct concepts, the numeral being the symbol or a composition of symbols (e.g. 3.14, 010010, three) and the number is the idea behind it. More than one numeral stands for the same number. In the EMMO abstract entities do not exists, and numbers are simply defined by other numerals, so that a number is the class of all the numerals that are equivalent (e.g. 3 and 0011 are numerals that stands for the same number). Or alternatively, an integer numeral may also stands for a set of a specific cardinality (e.g. 3 stands for a set of three apples). Rational and real numbers are simply a syntactic arrangment of integers (digits, in decimal system). The fact that you can't give a name to a number without using a numeral or, in case of positive integers, without referring to a real world objects set with specific cardinality, suggests that the abstract concept of number is not a concept that can be practically used. For these reasons, the EMMO will consider numerals and numbers as the same concept.
Number
Numeral
An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment.
Experiment
A participant that is the driver of a process.
An agent is not necessarily human. In fact, the concept of agent has been generalised to encompass both intentional and unintentional acts primarily to take into account usage of the term in chemistry (e.g., chemical agent that intiitate a reaction), inline also with the most recent development in the philosophical debate.
A catalyst. A bus driver. A substance that is initiating a reaction that would not occur without its presence.
An object which is a temporal part of another object.
Here we consider a temporal interval that is lower than the characteristic time of the physical process that provides the causality connection between the object parts.
SubObject
If an inhabited house is considered as an house that is occupied by some people in its majority of time, then an interval of inhabited house in which occasionally nobody is in there is no more an inhabited house, but an unhinabited house, since this temporal part does not satisfy the criteria of the whole.
A coded conventional that is determined by each interpeter following a well defined determination procedure through a specific perception channel.
The word objective does not mean that each observation will provide the same results. It means that the observation followed a well defined procedure. This class refers to what is commonly known as physical property, i.e. a measurable property of physical system, whether is quantifiable or not.
Objective
Class that includes the application of scientific knowledge, tools and techniques in order to transform a precursor object (ex. conversion of material) following a practic purpose.
TechnologyProcess
ProductionEngineeringProcess
A programming language entity expressing a formal detailed plan of what a software is intended to do.
A source code is the companion of an application, being it the entity used to generate the application list of CPU executable instructions.
SourceCode
A program aimed to provide a specific high level function to the user, usually hiding lower level procedures.
ApplicationProgram
App
Application
Word processors, graphic image processing programs, database management systems, numerical simulation software and games.
A procedure that is an hoilistic part of a workflow.
A task is a generic part of a workflow, without taking care of the task granularities. It means that you can declare that e.g. tightening a bolt is a task of building an airplane, without caring of the coarser tasks to which this tightening belongs.
The concept of task is developed in strict connection with the concept of workflow: a task is always part of a workflow and a workflow always possess some tasks. This makes the relation between task and workflow an holistic relation, with task as role and workflow as whole. A task is also holistically connected to an intentional agent, since a task is defined as a procedure. For this reason a task is both a role, with respect to a workflow, and a whole, with respect to an intentional agent.
Job
A process can be defined only according to an entity type. The minimum process is an entity made of two entities of different types that are temporally related.
The superclass for causal structure classes whose individuals have some temporal item parts that are not of the same type of the whole.
Process
Occurrent
Perdurant
Practically speaking, the Process class can be populated by primitive subclasses (e.g. Cooking) for each of which holds the axiom that not all the item temporal parts are of the same type of the whole (e.g. breaking an egg, which is not necessarily a cooking process) and there are at least two temporal item parts of different types (e.g. breaking and egg and turning on the stove). The intended usage is not for an individual to belong directly to Process, but to belong to a specific subclass of Process that identifies entities with a specific non-type-persistent structure.
A measurement always implies a causal interaction between the object and the observer.
An 'observation' that results in a quantitative comparison of a 'property' of an 'object' with a standard reference based on a well defined mesurement procedure.
Measurement
A procedure can be considered as an intentional process with a plan.
An intentional process in which an agent works with some entities according to some existing formalised operative rules.
The set of established forms or methods of an organized body for accomplishing a certain task or tasks (Wiktionary).
Procedure
Elaboration
Work
The process in which a control unit of a CPU (the agent) orchestrates some cached binary data according to a list of instructions (e.g. a program). The process in which a librarian order books alphabetically on a shelf. The execution of an algorithm.
A 'Mathematical' that has no unknown value, i.e. all its 'Variable"-s parts refers to a 'Number' (for scalars that have a built-in datatype) or to another 'Numerical' (for complex numerical data structures that should rely on external implementations).
Numerical
Discrete data that are decoded as a sequence of 1/0, or true/false, or on/off.
DigitalData
BinaryData
A mathematical object in this branch is not representing a concept but an actual graphical object built using mathematcal symbols arranged in some way, according to math conventions.
The class of general mathematical symbolic objects respecting mathematical syntactic rules.
Mathematical
System program refers to operating systems and utility programs that manage computer resources at a low level enabling a computer to function.
SystemProgram
An operating system. A graphic driver.
An object that enables or facilitate an agent in the execution of a process that modifies the surrounding environment.
Tool
A functional icon that imitates the behaviour of the object through mathematical evaluations of some mathematical construct.
The equation that describes the velocity of a uniform accelerated body v = v0 + a*t is a functional icon. In general every analitical solution of a mathematical model can be considered an icon. A functional icon expresses its similarity with the object when is part of a process the makes it imitate the behavior of the object. In the case of v = v0 + a*t, plotting the velocity over time or listing their values at certain instants is when the icon expresses it functionality.
PhysicsMathematicalComputation
A procedure that has at least two procedures (tasks) as proper parts.
Workflow
A program is a sequence of instructions understandable by a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that indicates which operations the computer should perform on a set of data.
A set of instructions that tell a computer what to do.
Program
Executable
A computational application that uses an empiric equation to predict the behaviour of a system without relying on the knowledge of the actual physical phenomena occurring in the object.
EmpiricalSimulationSoftware
The 'semiosis' process of interpreting a 'physical' and provide a complec sign, 'theory' that stands for it and explain it to another interpreter.
Theorisation
Theorization
Categorisation of intentional agents by their kind.
IntentionalAgentByKind
A process that has no identifiable agent driving its occurence.
SpontaneousProcess
A physics based simulation with multiple physics based models.
MultiSimulation
The overall lifetime of an holistic that has been the output of an intentional process.
This concepts encompass the overall lifetime of a product. Is temporaly fundamental, meaning that it can have other products as holistic spatial parts, but its holistic temporal parts are not products. In other words, the individual must encompass the whole lifetime from creation to disposal. A product can be a tangible object (e.g. a manufactured object), a process (e.g. service). It can be the outcome of a natural or an artificially driven process. It must have and initial stage of its life that is also an outcome of a intentional process.
Product
Output
The superclass for all classes that categorise projects according to their mereological and persistence context
ProcessByContext
In general, for a given set of information, it is understood that the measurement uncertainty is associated with a stated quantity value. A modification of this value results in a modification of the associated uncertainty.
Metrological uncertainty in EMMO is a slight generalisation of the VIM term 'measurement uncertainty', which is defined as "a non-negative parameter characterising the dispersion of the quantity being measured".
Metrological uncertainty includes components arising from systematic effects, such as components associated with corrections and the assigned quantity values of measurement standards, as well as the definitional uncertainty. Sometimes estimated systematic effects are not corrected for but, instead, associated measurement uncertainty components are incorporated.
The uncertainty of a quantity obtained through a well-defined procedure, characterising of the dispersion of the quantity.
MetrologicalUncertainty
A metrological uncertainty can be assigned to any objective property via the 'hasMetrologicalUncertainty' relation.
- Standard deviation - Half-width of an interval with a stated coverage probability
All or part of the programs, procedures, rules, and associated documentation of an information processing system.
Software is usually used as a generic term for programs. However, in its broadest sense it can refer to all information (i.e., both programs and data) in electronic form and can provide a distinction from hardware, which refers to computers or other electronic systems on which software can exist and be use. Here we explicitly include in the definition also all the data (e.g. source code, script files) that takes part to the building of the executable, are necessary to the execution of a program or that document it for the users.
Software
A quantity that is the result of a well-defined measurement procedure.
The specification of a measurand requires knowledge of the kind of quantity, description of the state of the phenomenon, body, or substance carrying the quantity, including any relevant component, and the chemical entities involved. -- VIM
MeasuredProperty
Categorisation of intentional agencies by their kind.
IntentionalAgencyByKind
An application aimed to functionally reproduce an object.
SimulationApplication
An application that predicts the pressure drop of a fluid in a pipe segment is aimed to functionally reproduce the outcome of a measurement of pressure before and after the segment.
A variable that stand for a numerical constant, even if it is unknown.
Constant
An intentional agent that drives a process according to some existing formalised operative rules.
ProceduralAgent
A computational application that uses a physical model to predict the behaviour of a system, providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.
PhysicalBasedSimulationSoftware
An item can be classified as an object according to a type ϕ (a ϕ-object) if it's a ϕ all its temporal item parts are also of type ϕ. This conceptualisation tries to catch the persistency of type in the temporal parts of an entity.
Indefinitely temporally slicing of an entity leads to temporal parts whose temporal extension is so small that the connectivity relations that define the entity as an item will no longer hold. More generally. a temporal part is no more of type ϕ when the temporal interval is lower than the interval that characterizes the causality interactions between the object parts. In other terms, if the time span of a temporal part is lower than the inverse of the frequency of interactions between the constituents, then the constituents in such temporal part are not connected. The object is no more an object, neither an item, but simply a collection of fundamental quantum parts. For this reason, the definition of object is done by considering only item temporal parts, meaning that slicing in time has the lower limit of a self-connected (i.e. item) entity.
The superclass for causal structure classes whose individuals have all temporal item parts of the same type of the whole.
Continuant
Endurant
If ϕ is the class of human beings, then the 4D entity representing a lifetime from birth to death in senile age is an object. if ϕ is the class of underages, the 4D entity representing the same lifetime is a process, since the underage covers only a part of the lifetime.
Practically speaking, the Object class can be populated by primitive subclasses (e.g. Car) for each of which holds the axiom that all the item parts are of the same type of the whole (e.g. Car SubClassOf hasTemporalItemPart only Car). The intended usage is not for an individual to belong directly to Object, but to belong to a specific subclass of Object that identifies entities with a type-persistent structure.
A estimation of a property using a functional icon.
Simulation
Modelling
I calculate the electrical conductivity of an Ar-He plasma with the Chapman-Enskog method and use the value as property for it.
In computing, a computer file is a resource for recording data on a computer storage device, primarily identified by its file path.
File
The superclass for all classes that categorise objects according to their mereological and persistence context
ObjectByContext
A variable standing for a numerical defined mathematical object like e.g. a number, a vector of numbers, a matrix of numbers.
NumericalVariable
A process that occurs because of the exercise of the capacity to act of an agent.
Agency
AgentDrivenProcess
A computational application that uses existing data to predict the behaviour of a system without providing a identifiable analogy with the original object.
DataBasedSimulationSoftware
A variable that stand for a well known numerical constant (a known number).
KnownConstant
π refers to the constant number ~3.14
A process that does not have an active participation of an intentional agent driving it.
UnintentionalAgency
A process occurring with the active participation of an intentional agent that drives the process according to a specific objective (intention).
The concept is not restricted to agencies where the agent accomplish its intention. For example, breaking a vase while reaching for a book is an intentional agency, because the action causing the vase to fall and break follows a volition (i.e., an act of willing). Intentional agency may be further categorised acccording to the fact that the some of the resulting processes may or may not be coherent with the volition.
IntentionalAgency
A discrete schema may be based on a continuum material basis that is filtered according to its variations. For example, a continuous voltage based signal can be considered 1 or 0 according to some threshold. Discrete does not mean that the material basis is discrete, but that the data are encoded according to such step-based rules.
Data whose variations are decoded according to a discrete schema.
DiscreteData
A text is a collection of discrete symbols. A compact disc is designed to host discrete states in the form of pits and lands.
An agent that is driven by the intention to reach a defined objective in driving a process.
Intentionality is not limited to human agents, but in general to all agents that have the capacity to decide to act in driving a process according to a motivation.
IntentionalAgent
DataProcessingApplication
An object which is a spatial part of another object.
Constituent
ObjectPart
A tire is a constituent of a car.
Categorisation of participant in terms of being an agent or not an agent.
ParticipantByAgency
A quantity obtained from a well-defined modelling procedure.
ModelledProperty
A standalone simulation, where a single physics equation is solved.
StandaloneModelSimulation
A variable whose value is assumed to be known independently from the equation, but whose value is not explicitated in the equation.
Parameter
Viscosity in the Navier-Stokes equation
A property that is associated to an object by convention, or assumption.
A quantitative property attributed by agreement to a quantity for a given purpose.
ConventionalProperty
The thermal conductivity of a copper sample in my laboratory can be assumed to be the conductivity that appears in the vendor specification. This value has been obtained by measurement of a sample which is not the one I have in my laboratory. This conductivity value is then a conventional quantitiative property assigned to my sample through a semiotic process in which no actual measurement is done by my laboratory. If I don't believe the vendor, then I can measure the actual thermal conductivity. I then perform a measurement process that semiotically assign another value for the conductivity, which is a measured property, since is part of a measurement process. Then I have two different physical quantities that are properties thanks to two different semiotic processes.
A language object is a discrete data entity respecting specific language syntactic rules (a well-formed formula).
Language
Categorisation of quantities by whether they can be obtained fully objectively or not.
QuantityBySubjectivity
An object which is a temporal part of a process.
Status
State
A semi-naked man is a status in the process of a man's dressing.
A quantity that is obtained from a well-defined procedure.
Subclasses of 'ObjectiveProperty' classify objects according to the type semiosis that is used to connect the property to the object (e.g. by measurement, by convention, by modelling).
PhysicalProperty
QuantitativeProperty
The persistence perspective classifies entities according to the persistence of temporal parts of specifc type, introducing the distiction between objects (when a type is conserved through all its time parts) or processes (where a type is not conserved through all its time parts). This perspective provides classes aimed to represent concepts similar to the ones of endurant and perdurant (a.k.a. continuant and occurrent). However, in the EMMO case, an entity is defined as an object or a process according to a specific type, and not per-se. For this reason an entity in the EMMO can be classified both object or a process depending on the reference type, due to the underlying 4D framework (e.g. an individual may belong both to the class of runners and the class of running process), and the distinction is purely representational. This categorisation has been introduced due to the large use of object/process commonsensical concepts, and the fact that our language distinguish between nouns and verbs to address things, forcing the separation between things that happens and things that persist.
The union of the object or process classes.
Persistence
A simulation that relies on physics based models, according to the Review of Materials Modelling and CWA 17284:2018.
PhysicsBasedSimulation
A chain of linked physics based model simulations, where equations are solved sequentially.
LinkedModelsSimulation
A procedure that deals with quantitative symbols (i.e. symbols associated with a quantitative oriented language).
Computation
A mathematician that calculates 2+2. A computation machine that calculate the average value of a dataset.
A participant that does not have an active role in driving the process.
NonAgent
Categorisation of processes by whether they are driven by an agent or not.
ProcessByAgency
A constituent of a system.
Component
A simulation in which more than one model are solved together with a coupled method.
TightlyCoupledModelsSimulation
Solving within the same linear system the discretised form of the pressure and momentum equation for a fluid, using the ideal gas law as material relation for connecting pressure to density.
An agent that is driven by the law of physics rather than the intention to reach a defined objective.
UnintentionalAgent
A catalyst.
The dependent variable for which an equation has been written.
Unknown
Velocity, for the Navier-Stokes equation.